What Everybody Else Does When It Comes to Similarities and Differences Essay Topics and What You Should Do Different

What Everybody Else Does When It Comes to Similarities and Differences Essay Topics and What You Should Do Different Most Noticeable Similarities and Differences Essay Topics A big selection of topic ideas is your primary benefit. Finding the perfect topic isn't the hardest job in the planet, all you need to do is to take a few factors into account. Show how each topic differs for the points you have selected. Picking original topics can take a while in case you don't have any useful and superior samples before you. Similarities and Differences Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! In the flip side, there are 3 differences between residing in a home and apartment. As a student, you're assigned to different forms of tasks. Feel free to get hold of the experts who will lead you through the writing process. Enough practice in reading and writing will supply you with an extra advantage. Want to Know More About Similarities and Differences Essay Topics? 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Summary of Wedding Dance - 4491 Words

SUMMARY The Wedding Dance by Amador T. Daguio is about Awiyao and Lumnay, a long married couple from the Mountain tribes. Awiyao is going to marry another woman, Madulimay, because Lumnay was not able to give him a child. Awiyao went back home to see Lumnay because he didnt find her among the dancers at his wedding. He wanted Lumnay to dance at his wedding for the last time but she cannot. On their moment, there are many flashbacks about how Lumnay did her best to have a child, through offering to the god, Kabunyan; and how Awiyao and Lumnays love was as strong as the river; but it is just that a man must have a child, and he had to leave her. He promised her that if he fails to have a child, he will come back to her. She wanted to†¦show more content†¦Awiyao slipped away from the celebration to convince Lumnay to join the dancing women. Instead, their conversation turned to a passionate goodbye, each expressing love for the other, their speeches filled with recollection of precious memories, finding it hard to let go of one another.The climax was reached with Awiyao running, blood surging, resolved to stop the dance and complain against the tribes culture that permits a man to marry another woman if the first wife couldnt bear him children. But suddenly she stopped and turned back, defeated.Daguio, in the story presented a clash against a basic human emotion and culture and thus established two important points: that culture transcends love and the bitter truth about the inequality of the sexes. He did not establish though that Lumnay was sterile. Awiyao could have been the one with fertility problems, who knows? Awiyaos pride forced him to leave Lumnay, no matter how he loved his wife. But if he was the one with fertility problems, would Lumnays loveShow MoreRelatedSummary of the Wedding Dance by Amador Daguio1053 Words   |  5 PagesSummary: This is sad story of a man, Awiyao, who in spite of being in love with his wife, Lumnay, feels the need to marryanother in order to have a son. According to the story if a man does not have a son he is considered to be inferior to others intheir community. It is not a case of not loving Lumnay, which he does, but of his perceived necessity of a son to beconsidered a man. He is however, insensitive believing the answer to Lumnays sorrow would be to join the other women at the wedding danceRead MoreSummary of the Wedding Dance by Amador Daguio1067 Words   |  5 PagesSummary: This is sad story of a man, Awiyao, who in spite of being in love with his wife, Lumnay, feels the need to marryanother in order to have a son. According to the story if a man does not have a son he is considered to be inferior to others intheir community. It is not a case of not loving Lumnay, which he does, but of his perceived necessity of a son to beconsidered a man. He is however, insensitive believing the answer to Lumnays sorrow would be to join the other women at the wedding danceRead MoreThe About The Sudanese Wedding1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sudanese wedding is a sacred and treasured ceremony celebrated throughout Sudan s culture for its intricacy, beauty, and traditional values.Nearly one year on from the British Royal wedding, I think about similarities with Sudanese weddings. No national holiday to celebrate, but 3 to 5 days of necessary customs to show off to Sudanese society who can spend obscene amounts of money on their children. (Sudanese Weddings: A Royal Shenanigan).Though Sudanese weddings are a glorious sight to beholdRead MoreA Literary Piece of Amador Daguio1741 Words   |  7 PagesNicudemus Catolico, Kyla Veron Ching, Deniece Justinne Clet, Flavie Ann The Wedding Dance Amador T. 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Before a wedding, most have bridal showers where the bride receives gifts from the guests. Preparation takes considerable time to plan a wedding. In a wedding, groomsmen and bridesmaids are included (Lilian, 2013)Read MoreThe Nutcracker : Live At The Ellie Caulkins Opera1383 Words   |  6 Pagessummarize the story behind the nutcracker. Next, I will analyze the two most notable and my personal favorite parts of the performance. Those parts were the battle scene and the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy. Finally, I will summarize the melody of the music throughout, and the general feel of the entire performance. 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Ecological Succession free essay sample

To be able to effectively determine and differentiate the various types of bacteria present during a two week fermentation process of both cabbage and cucumber using a variety of selective media. If fermentation is performed, then the CFU/ml of the bacteria should decrease along with the pH. Introduction: The fermentation of foods has been a long standing tradition and practice among many civilizations, as it was once a means to keep foods fresh and or edible over long periods of time. Today the process of fermentation has become a living/industry for some, and a hobby for others. For the purposes of this lab it was asserted that there will be no use of vinegar (ascetic acid), and instead merely distilled water, salt, and spices all packed in with the provided produce and sealed tightly. It is then suspected that over time the bacterial counts will decrease given that the appropriate dilutions are selected, the pH will then in turn drop due to the build-up of gases and acid production during the fermentation process. We will write a custom essay sample on Ecological Succession or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, the produce utilized for this experiment was cabbage and cucumber that were shredded and or sliced as desired for fermentation. Materials and Methods: There were deviations to the materials and methods provided via the lab protocol and the information produced within the lab manual background packet all available on blackboard. The EC plate is selective towards enteric bacteria, and the PS plate is selective to the species Pseudomonas, both of which are not ideal for consumption. Whereas, the data for the cucumber during the 14 day fermentation process showed growth on the PS for days 0-7 then declined. While the EC displayed a pattern of growth, decline, and on the last day displayed growth. It was also interesting to see the differences between the LSD plate growth between the cabbage and the cucumber. The cabbage showed a gradual increase in the CFU/ml, where the cucumber showed a gradual decline in the CFU/ml over the 2 week span. However, the LSD plate for the cucumber on Day 0 was the only plate that showed selection for Streptococcus. Furthermore, the results for both the anaerobic and aerobic TSA plates showed no significant change or rather the values remained relatively consistent. Lastly, there was nothing erroneous for both WN5 plate results and the cucumber and cabbage both were assumed to contain Pediococcus due to the consistent values present on each plate over the course of the experiment. All in all, the cabbage displayed the most desirable results with no growth present on both the EC and PS plate, and the bacteria that were expected to grow or remain during the process were present at the end of day 14. On the other hand, the cucumber produced unfavorable results with growth on the EC plate throughout the entire 2 weeks on matter how small the dilution. Other than the EC plate, the remainder of the plates showed what was expected to occur among the various selective media.

Within the Context of 1474-1598 to What Extent Did Ferdinand and Isabella Lay the Foundations for a Golden Age Essay Example

Within the Context of 1474-1598 to What Extent Did Ferdinand and Isabella Lay the Foundations for a Golden Age? Essay Spain’s perceived â€Å"Golden Age† is a broad classification unconfined to a specific era. The Golden Age has long been affiliated with the growth of a uniquely Spanish identity that arose with the flourishing of arts, architecture and literature expanding notably in the years of Phillip II, and flourishing in the 17th century – the same century traditionalist historians identify as the decline of Spain. To consider the golden age of Spain on a purely art and literature basis however misses the point, the Golden Age in all contexts appeared from the development of the Spanish Empire. On the European stage Spain appeared at the height of its â€Å"Golden Age† during the reign of Phillip II, Spain was the centre piece of the world’s greatest power controlled by the Hapsburg dynasty. Outwardly Spain was a religiously unified nation of great power, wealth and honour. Yet the â€Å"Golden Age† was of little substance on a domestic scale, built on a perceived vision of what Spain was like, whilst its periodic decline was built upon greater understanding of what Spain was. There was little to show of a â€Å"Golden Age† outside the confinements of the inner aristocracy in the 16th century, it’s so called decline thereafter were the true colours of Spain shining though. Failure at a domestic level inevitably brought down the golden era of foreign policy. The Catholics Kings role in this dramatic rise and fall in the Golden Age was limited, yet essential. As the founders of Spain, they set the tone of foreign and domestic policy, religion and most importantly (although indirectly), the succession. We will write a custom essay sample on Within the Context of 1474-1598 to What Extent Did Ferdinand and Isabella Lay the Foundations for a Golden Age? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Within the Context of 1474-1598 to What Extent Did Ferdinand and Isabella Lay the Foundations for a Golden Age? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Within the Context of 1474-1598 to What Extent Did Ferdinand and Isabella Lay the Foundations for a Golden Age? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ferdinand and Isabella presided over the making of Spain; as young heirs and monarchs they united Aragon and Castile under one crown. For Aragon this was overwhelmingly desirable, for political reasons more than any imperialistic view of unification and described by Lotherington as â€Å"Undoubtedly the most politically effective partnership† . In Aragon expansion in Italy had stalled and she was threatened by the French in both the Mediterranean and to the north in Navarre. In Castile there was much opposition to the marriage; as noble factions of great power and influence were split over the two potential Castilian heirs Juana and Isabella. Alfonso the archbishop of Toledo proposed Isabella’s marriage to Ferdinand in search of allies, and despite her young age Isabella herself proved to be influential in the decision making. Unification had been attempted before as both monarchs where cousins, yet their marriage in 1469 would be of deciding significance n the making of Spain in the Golden Age to come. The Peninsula was the bedrock of the Catholic Kings foreign policy. For Isabella â€Å"Her greatest ambition was to carry to completion the reconquista of the peninsula† ,thus naturally Portugal was the first choice of succession for the monarchs of both kingdoms, but their fortunes were not to be fulfilled due to the misfortune of the deaths of their two children. This dream of a united Peninsula was not lost however, and stayed in the minds of Castilians and was notably evident in the demands of the Comuneros revolt â€Å"They should choose her (Isabella of Portugal), according to the desire of his kingdoms† The Catholic Kings influential desire of a united peninsula had worn off on future generations and laid the foundations for their great great grandson Phillip II to unite Hispania under one monarch. . The foundations of a united Spain however where no more than a â€Å"dynastic bundle of states† and lay in the balance following Isabella’s (of Castile) death in 1504. Despite the unity the Catholic kings displayed swearing to the Cortez of Aragon and Castile and administrating both kingdoms together such unity always was a one sided arrangement. Ferdinand under the marriage arrangements was contracted to live in Castile and govern Aragon though the newly formed Councils of state, Kamen explains â€Å"The Marriage treaty drawn up for Ferdinand laid down the basic limits to Ferdinand’s future authority† Economically and in governance the two remained separate entities in all but foreign policy. Some Historians consider Isabella’s decision to pass the crown to the Hapsburgs rather than Aragon as evidence of Isabella’s disunity. Lockyer claims; â€Å"she showed how little she appreciated the concept of Spanish unity† . This theory is supported by Historian Lotherington and Kamen, the latter who comments â€Å"the achievement of a united Spain was never an objective of the Catholic Kings† However this is too simplistic a view; because Isabella knew that the Castilian nobles would not accommodate for an Aragonese king, and the crown must rest upon the spouse of Aragon and Castile if unification was to be a realistic goal. Elliot suggests this when he speaks of a â€Å"Spanish inheritance† when referring to the Burgundian inheritance and Rady explains â€Å"Ferdinand held such influence in Castile this kingdom also might have been wrenched away from the new heir (Charles)† . Likewise J. Jones identifies â€Å"national unification† as a key policy of the Catholic Kings. It was therefore not â€Å"entirely by accident† that Spain as united under the same realm but the death of the Catholic Kings Portuguese dynastic ties that meant the Hapsburg dynasty and not the Portuguese dynasty was united under the Spanish crown, which as Isabella had predicted caused friction amongst Cisneros and Castilian nobles who resented Ferdinand fruitless attempts to produce an alternative Spanish heir. Failing to promote his more desirable Spanish grandson; Ferdinand to the throne, they knew like Isabella that the â€Å"Old interfering Catalan† – which they referred to him as, would eventually deliver his kingdom into their new crown if he was unable to establish a strong foreign dynastic alliance, of which he reluctantly did. The Hapsburg succession was â€Å"the last thing that Ferdinand and Isabella would have wished† , for Ferdinand only a last resort to an uncompromising Castile. But it was the road, if bumpy, to a Golden Age for Spain. When the Burgundian Charles first succeeded to the throne of Spain there was no sign of a Golden Age in Spain. Charles rejected the realm, considering Spain simply another of his territories in the Holy Roman Empire. In Brandi’s words his succession – â€Å"Hopelessly miscarried† . The young and shy king arrived, (overdue) illiterate in Spanish and assuming the offices of the land for Burgundian friends and for money, Charles made the worst possible impression. Thus without the attentive eye of the Catholic Kings the nobility grew in strength and confidents under a tentative government; â€Å"reopening old feuds† , the revolt of the Germania, Comuneros and in the Balearic Islands were a direct result of Charles neglect of Spanish affairs and could have been prevented. When Charles left Spain in September 1519 Spain was part of Charles Burgundian Empire The monarchy created by the Catholic Kings was a personal monarchy ruled in an absolute style, and therefore totally ungovernable in the way Charles had attempted to rule when he first arrived in Spain. The theory of new monarchy endorsed by historians such as Katherine Leach and Geoffrey Parker has been largely rebuked, particularly in the case of the monarchy Ferdinand and Isabella founded. What Elliot adequately identifies in the case of â€Å"new monarchy is Spain created by Ferdinand and Isabella must be entirely excluded from the European model, or alternatively the model itself is at default† . Absolutism was what the Catholic Kings more defiantly moved towards, this change from feudal to â€Å"absolute† and was characterised by subsequent weak and strong monarchs all across Europe. What is evident is that there was no â€Å"new monarchy† in such developments. Henry IV Isabella’s father was a â€Å"weak† monarch, his reign characterised by â€Å"a period of instability which the great nobles exploited freely† . The New Monarchy is mistaken for a period after 1500 where by â€Å"the monarchies of England, France, the Netherlands and Spain had all emerged victorious from long periods of civil wars with over mighty subjects† . In this context the Catholic Kings had succeeded not in the stripping, but the â€Å"taming† of the aristocracy. The Catholic Kings had tackled the political aspect of the nobility; denying them the right to vote in the Consejo Real – (Council of Castile), expanding the use of Corregidors and letrados – (civil servants trained in law) staffed by the â€Å"lesser nobility† to encourage political neutrality. The revolts Charles I faced when he left Spain in May 1520 were a reminder of the type of monarchy Ferdinand and Isabella’s had created. It was personnel, and required a decisive and affirmative monarch, as the Comenros rebels identified â€Å"it is not custom of Castile to be without king† . Perhaps this was the most important foundation of the Golden Age that the Catholic Kings created. By transferring political power from the nobles to the monarch they created a new form of national identity. The period of September 1517 – May 1522 was a time of â€Å"nationalism and revolt† and thus the Golden Age was established not in the Netherlands or any other part of the Empire, but in Spain. When Charles returned to Spain in July 1522 he adapted to the unique requirements of Spanish monarchy. He was freed of the influence of the Golden Fleece, upon the deaths of the unpopular statesmen Chievres in 1521 and Sauvage in 1518 Charles turned to Gattinara, an Italian statesman who Brandi identifies as â€Å"an influence to Charles Character as only Chievres had done before, as no one was to do again† . Yet from 1521 on the news of the revolts on Spain Charles began to rely more on Francis Cobos a Spaniard and ex-bureaucrat for the Catholic Kings and â€Å"thereafter the star of Cobos rose while that of Gattinara waned† . When Charles returned to Spain as Holy Roman emperor with his prestige greatly increased, Charles had matured, (now aged 22) and the more experienced personality of Charles the man; no longer strangled by his Burgundian advisers showed though. Lockyer is only half right to comment â€Å"Charles never became a prisoner to his ministers† because it was a lesson he learnt that coinciding with the fall of Gattinara, whom when he died in 1530, Charles did not replace with a new chancellor. Importantly, the Emperor rebuked the Spanish offices he had given to Burgundians, made some attempt to learn Spanish and created new councils of state run by Spaniards. Charles, â€Å"gradually† extended the use of these councils expanding the centralized government the Catholic Kings had created. It remains telling that royal authority was never to be challenged in Charles reign, although as Kamen correctly identifies â€Å"it would be a mistake to regard it as a triumph for absolutism, like the Catholic Kings before him, Charles sustained his authority over the aristocracy and the towns only by collaborating with them and making it unnecessary for them to claim more power than they already had† . The governance of Spain was, as it always had done, relied on Venality. By running his administration in the form of a pyramid, with the king at the apex , decisions appeared to have had the authority of the king, without the necessity of him being present. Charles paid far more attention to the administration of Spain than the rest of his realms as Holy Roman Emperor. Above all he showed his commitment to his Spanish subjects by marrying Isabella of Portugal and educating his son Phillip in Spain. With the support of his universal theories, the architect of that national state for which Ferdinand and Isabella had laid the foundation. Charles completed it† The style of government that the Catholic Kings created – for better or worse â€Å"helped to transform Charles V Empire into Phillip II Spanish Empire† Under Phillip II the Empire was undoubtedly centred on Spain. It was governed by what Braudel describes as â€Å"a metropolitan power, a policy initiated by Charles as well as his predecessors† . This description could not be more right in the light of Phillip II. When Phillip succeeded to the throne in 1556, â€Å"the Spanish monarchy came home† . The Spanish king relived himself of the burden of touring his Empire and ordered the building of the great El Escorial – a monumnet of Spain’s golden age, completed in 1584 some 21 miles from Madrid; where he spent much of his reign. After his return from Flanders in 1559 – Phillip never again left the Peninsula; â€Å"Friend or foe; they saw him as a spider, sitting motionlessly in his web† . In an accurate portrayal of Phillip the Venetian Ambassador reported â€Å"The King, has no regard but for Spaniards† , so widespread was the â€Å"hatred of the Spaniard † that it began to spread everywhere in Europe, a sign of the times and a warning of what lay ahead. Yet for a few glorious decades Spain was to be the greatest power on Earth† under a Spanish Monarch. Phillips personal role in the government of Spain far outstripped that of his father. Taking word from a letter from his father warning him of â€Å"falling under the influence or becoming the instrument of feuds† he involved himself personally in affairs of government in an isolated manner. In 1583 the Venetian Ambassador argued â€Å"The whole Spanish Monarchy is held together by the authority and wisdom of the king, if he were to die everything would fall into confusion and danger† , Geoffrey Parker may have gone to far too suggest â€Å"Phillip ruled absolutely† , a concept rebuked by historians Elliot, Woodward, Lockyer and Kamen who identify Phillips ability to â€Å"control† rather than canon the Castilian aristocracy, as his predecessors had done similarly. Yet what remains broadly undisputed, is Phillip in character and policy was Spanish; and any Golden Age in the reign of Phillip, was a Golden Age for Spain. An evident development of the Golden Age of Spain was the emergence of a cultural identity which the Catholic Kings laid foundations for. Importantly however such developments where confined to the aristocracy of Castile, which estimates suggests concerned roughly 10% of the population . When Historians speak of a Golden Age they acknowledge it did not concern the majority of Spaniards during this period and it would be naive to think otherwise. Although this arguments perhaps grows in weight as it was during the Golden Age that the laity experienced a decline in living standards. To the majority of Spaniards living on the great enclosures of the nobility there was no Golden Age, and the Cultural Revolution of empire and Catholicism did little to affect them positively. The case of Charles I and the peasant (who did not recognise him) expressed what much of the laity felt like under the monarchy of Charles; describing him as the worst of his five predecessors of Castile since his taxes where ruining them, and all the wealth from the Indies and Castile was being sent abroad. But for the elite few the Golden Age was tangible in existence, and what it meant to be a Spaniard, or more accurately a Castilian was precious to them, a cultural flair the Catholic Kings had reimbursed. Isabella and Ferdinand greatest cultural success was the renewal of the reconquista in a ten year war that brought the final defeat of the moors and the end of the 800 year reconquista in Granada in 1492. It was this achievement that earned them the title â€Å"The Catholic Kings†. Long centuries of fighting against the moors in the peninsula had led to the â€Å"glorification of military virtues† and the concept of the â€Å"Hidalgo† the knight who lived for war and glory was widely accepted as the ideal for a Spaniard. 16th century literature such as the â€Å"cantar de gesta† (songs of heroic deeds) tells the story of the legend of El Cid, a Castilian nobleman and mercenary from the 12th and 13th century who became the national hero of Spain and the cultural aspiration of this period. By completing the reconquista the Catholic Kings had â€Å"united the Castilian nobles under the banner of Christianity† and tapped into Spain’s cultural ideal, doing much to; â€Å"enhance the power and prestige of the monarchy† both domestically and on the world stage. The Catholic Kings were responsible for ensuring the crusading ambitions of Spain never lost momentum and continued an active foreign policy throughout their reign. Only weeks after victory in Granada, Isabella had announced her wish for a crusade on the shores of Africa and in 1494 she persuaded Alexander VI to grant her the Cruzada tax for such a campaign. Her dying wish to her husband was to devote himself â€Å"unremittingly to the conquest of Africa and to the war for the faith against the moors† . In Italy Ferdinand gained a fierce reputation following significant victories against the French that made Spanish troops â€Å"feared throughout Europe† , more importantly he seized control of Navarre uniting the state into Spain and pursuing the reconquista into Africa at the dying request of Isabella capturing a thin coastal strip along the southern African coast including the potent city of Oran. The acquisition of the New World was beginning to expand so by the reign of Charles I â€Å"Spain possessed an extensive overseas empire† . An achievement often dismissed as a lucky acquirement by historians such as Kamen and Pendrill, describing the expedition as â€Å"reluctantly backed† and â€Å"Spain did not have any distinctive expertise in seafaring† . What perhaps is forgotten is the immense cost of any such expedition and the annual allowance of 12,000 maravedis along with other Benefits that Columbus received in 1486 from the Catholic Kings in order to keep his offer confined to Spain. Whilst the French, Portuguese and English Courts had dismissed Columbus, the Catholic kings spotted potential, but restricted by their finances in 1486 because of the war against the Moors they delayed (but secured) any future expedition. As Elliot explains Spain had a â€Å"tradition of maritime experience† , acquired from her overseas territories in the Mediterranean and the Canaries. The Foundations of the New World provided by the Catholic Kings where created on a deeper basis than simply luck. The foreign policy of the Catholic Kings formed a solid foundation for the Golden Age. They had refused to accept 1492 as the end of the military values for Spaniards; ushering in a less hostile and inward looking society. Instead reconquista was marked by the beginning of â€Å"Castilian imperialism† , a nation ready to embark upon the European, African and world stage where it had already made a significant impact. It was with justification that Ferdinand could remark â€Å"For over 700 years the crown of Spain has not been as great or as resplendent as it is now, both in the west and the east, and all, after God, by my work and labour† Indeed Spain was greater than it ever had been and was certainly looking outwards; confirmed by Isabella’s opportunistic succession plans. In decades to come Spain was to become the aggressor asserting its authority across Europe and the World. A Spanish Golden Age in foreign policy can however be considered exempt from the reign of Charles I. As Karl Brandi explains;† the emphasis laid on the primacy of the emperor in Europe, was in direct contradiction to the theory of the national state† Charles was the Holy Roman Emperor, of which Spain played a significant but not central part. Attempts to pin a nationality on Charles during his reign as Charles V are futile as â€Å"he was essentially a man of universal outlook . Historians such as Rady and Brandi give emphasis to Charles V the Burgundian, commenting in 1520 to the states-general (Netherlands); â€Å"His heart had always been among them (literally no their side)† . However Kamen and Lockyer tend to lay weight on Charles the Spaniard. Rebuking a French clergyman who denounced him speaking Castilian Charles replied â€Å"do not expect me to speak any other language but Spanish, which is so noble that it should be learned and understood by all Christian people† . It was in fact the official language of his cortege in the latter part of his reign although Charles spoke more fluently in Dutch and French. Historians generally accept that Charles made neither the Low Countries nor Spain the capital of his Empire. As monarch of each realm Charles cleverly adjusted himself to appear favourably to each of them. Evidence lies in the many letters he sent to his realms explaining his reason to depart Spain for Italy in the summer of 1529, he tailored each correspondence differently. To Castile his argument was centred on the church and â€Å"visiting subjects† , To his sister Mary, regent of the Netherlands (bordering France) suppressing â€Å"France† and his commanders Philibert of Orange and Gerard de Rye for â€Å"honour and reputation† . Charles was â€Å"a lord of many states: a Burgundian among the Burgundians; a Spaniard in Castile and Aragon; an Italian among the Italians† . Therefore in policy Charles loyalties lay with all his Empire; and troubles in his Northern territories most notably against the French, Turks and German Lutherans kept him occupied in Mainland Europe. Spanish interests, especially in the Mediterranean against the Turkish Navy and in Africa were neglected for problems in the rest of his realms that were not â€Å"self supporting† . There can be no doubt that Spaniards â€Å"basked in the reflected sunlight of Imperial glory† , of which they shared amongst his other realms. Over his reign Charles entourage was transformed from the â€Å"myriad formalities of the Burgundian court to the solemnity of a Spaniard† , and as David Lockyer identifies â€Å"throughout his reign more Imperial titles where granted to Spaniards than any other nationality† , an extraordinary feat considering the circumstances of the dominant role of the Burgundian court at the beginning of his reign. Likewise the extensive amount of Spanish troops used on the battlefield of the Holy Roman Emperor gave Charles Imperial army the distinct recognition of a Spaniard. Although Henry Kamen appears to dismiss the role of Spanish troops as; â€Å"acting only as contingents in a larger force† , based on the evidence that Spanish contributions in numerical terms were limited to selective enterprises it was the case that the Spanish presence was recognisable enough so that (as described by Lotherington and Elliot) â€Å"the rest of Europe feared and respected her power† and â€Å"the influence of Spaniards became resented and then hated† across Europe. When assessing Charles in relation to the Golden Age of Spain it is important to identify that â€Å"Spain became a great power in its own right only under Phillip II † and â€Å"Charles presided over the start of Spain’s golden age† rather than being part of it. Yet like the Catholic Kings Charles contributed to the rise of the golden age by expressing Spain’s cultural identity though his Imperial Empire. And when in 1556 he abdicated, he retuned not to his birth place in the Burgundies but to Spain, passing the heart of his Empire into the hands of his Spanish son Phillip. Charles born a Burgundian became a Spaniard by choice, and this, more than any formal act of policy, made him loved and respected by his Spanish subjects† . Charles had put the â€Å"imperial† into Spain’s Empire a unique foundation of the Catholic Kings that they had ultimately founded by succession. From the foundations of the Catholic Kings and Charles I, Phillip II was handed a vast and impressive domain, and although the title does not fully acknowledge the diversity of her territories â€Å"contemporaries knew it as the monarquia Espanola (Spanish Monarchy)† . Generally, although not exclusively historians i. e. Lotherington, Kamen, Elliot and Cooper agree that that the peak of the Golden Age came in the reign of Phillip II. Lotherington and Elliot also identify the â€Å"crisis of the 90’s† as the war in France, England and the Netherlands intensified and the domestic scene turned to revolt in Aragon. John Cooper and Elliot point towards the death of Phillip II as the decline where Spain, or rather Castile was â€Å"by 1600 a country that had suddenly lost its national purpose† Kamen on the other hand takes issue with the decline itself as a â€Å"historical myth† but at least acknowledges â€Å"Spain under Phillip II attained the heights of imperial authority† . Historians such as Parker and Lockyer suggest that a decline in the 1590’s was â€Å"to simplistic† and that â€Å"The Spanish Empire appeared far stronger at the death of Phillip III, than at the death of Phillip II† . Although Parker and Lockyer hold some weight in their argument, such a claim is difficult to grasp when considering that by 1621 Spain had withdrawn itself from all its conflicts in Europe, unable to support itself and forced into the humiliation of â€Å"making peace with rebels and heretics† . Likewise the â€Å"failed leadership† of the king Phillip III (who passed effective responsibility onto the corrupt Duke of Lerma, his â€Å"valido†/Favourite) failed to make use of more than a decade of peace to mend the structural failings at home. Phillip II who knew his son well once commented â€Å"I am afraid they will govern him† he had been right to fear the worst. By 1598 the Golden Age of foreign policy had been and gone. Ironically it was in the 17th century, as Spain â€Å"slowly abandoned its military imperialism† , The Golden age of Arts and Literature flourished under the very decline of Spain. The cultural aspirations that the Catholic Kings had preserved, become imperialised under Charles and began under Phillips Spanish Empire blossomed in an era that, for the first time in modern Spanish history, Spain was turning in on itself in agony of self appraisal. Accompanying the glorification of Spain’s Art and Literature in a bygone period of world dominance forth came the myth of the â€Å"Golden Age† visible in the arts, architecture and literature. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, regarded as a great Spanish novelist in the early 17th century wrote of â€Å"happy times and ages where those which the ancients termed the golden age† only seven years after Phillips death – evidently the majority of Spanish society did not experience a Golden Age under Phillip, similarly to the peasant Charles had met decades before. Religion was a key theme of the Golden Age of arts, architecture and literature; it is estimated that around 90% of Spanish Renaissance paintings where of religious subject. The Burial of the Count of Orgaz†, the work of El Greco is typical of the period, as the painting adopts both cultural aspects: the legend of â€Å"Don Gonzalo Ruiz†, (known for his religious piety) in the theme of a miracle, as the knight ascends into heaven. Phillip II’s evident love for artwork greatly contributed to Spain’s Golden Age of Art and Literature; firstly many of his paintings where imported as th e greatest art works remained Flemish and Italian, but by the 17th century Spain began to contribute to some of the greatest artworks of the age. One of the great Spanish artist, Diego Velazquez composed Spanish concepts of honour and dignity in the painting â€Å"the surrender of Breda† – a great victory for the Spanish in the Netherlands. As the victor; General Spinola is seen placing his arm on the shoulder of the defeated Dutch commander Justin sympathetically. Architecturally the great El Escorial, completed in 1584, was by far the most symbolised of Spain’s Golden Age; a palace, a monastery and a tomb all the Hapsburg monarchs of Spain. Such grand structural designs had actually begun under Ferdinand and Isabella. In the city of Granada the Royal Chapel, the burial place of the Catholic Kings and the Cathedral built in the centre of the Moorish palace in Cordoba to show Catholic dominance over the Islamic world were symbolic of the cultural success of the Catholic Kings and the success of the reconquista. The painting competition in Madrid in 1627 was arranged by Phillip IV to display the expulsion of the Moriscos, embodied the religious intolerance and the Spanish notion for purity of blood. Aside from the vast cultural contributions the Catholic Kings made to the art and literature of the17th century, its development largely arose from the imperial concepts of Charles and Phillip, the latter having dedicated himself to it. The contribution the Catholic Kings made to religion was far more substantial than that of art, literature and architecture. The work of the Catholic Kings in the Spanish church enabled the clergy to adapt to the ideals of the Spanish monarchy and lay the foundation for one of the main defences against the reformation; The Inquisition. It is commonly accepted that the Catholic Kings did not significantly reform the church although changes did occur. The Collage of Valladolid 1484 and the University of Alcada 1508 was founded to encourage new learning and Alexander VI gave Ferdinand permission to reform the monastic orders in 1491, which Cisneros carried out with â€Å"characteristic energy† . Although â€Å"the impact of these reforms should not be exaggerated† the extent to which is debated. J. Elliot suggests that the reforms under the Catholic Kings â€Å"gave the church a new strength and vigour at the very moment the church was everywhere under heavy attack† whilst Kamen; who made extensive research into the Spanish church at this time argues â€Å"nothing remotely resembling a reformation of the church occurred in Spain† . What Kamen fails to emphasis is Ferdinand and Isabella’s considerable achievement in creating; as Lockyer describes a â€Å"national Spanish Catholic Church† with reforms that took the church into â€Å"royal control† In 1486 effective control over the appointment of clerics was granted to the Spanish crown. The crusada tax was renewed in 1494 and successfully renewed throughout the reigns of Charles and Phillip accompanied with further grants. The new world was granted all major benefices in 1508 and the inquisition from the moment of its foundation â€Å"identified itself in a particularly way with the Spanish Church† . Nationalism, a key cause of the reformation in the 16th century particularly in Germany, England and the Netherlands had no effect in Spain because their Church had effectively been nationalised. It is certainly telling that as Kamen points out â€Å"The gains that the English monarchy made though the reformation were already achieved completely in Spain without any change of religion† . Ferdinand and Isabella did not reform the church from abuses and corruption, they brought it under† royal control† helping to unify Spain under one religion; uniformity of the Catholic faith that to become a key concept of the Golden Age of Spain in Foreign Policy. Catholicism was chief to Spain’s golden age but a good relation with the pope was not a ecessity. Charles sack of Rome in 1527 was perhaps the most evident example, as Spanish soldiers amongst other nationalities devastated the Holy City. As one eye witness reported â€Å"we took Rome by storm, killed 6000 men, plundered the houses carried of what we found in churches and elsewhere† . Likewise the â€Å"most Catholic King† often faced â€Å"strained relations† with the papacy; accusing the papacy if â€Å"failing in your duty towards God† in 1589, â€Å"God is Spanish† , Phillip II once commented. It was the Catholic Kings who had culturally reimbursed the Catholic faith so that â€Å"Catholicism and national interests where so closely interwoven in Spain that it soon became impossible to distinguish one from another† . Catholicism soon became symbolic of Spain’s Golden Age as Spanish monarchs became engulfed in Europe’s religious conflict. Charles I against the Schmalkaldic League in Germany and Phillips II conflicts with the Turks, Dutch rebels, French wars and the war with England. Even the Duke of Parma’s pleas that religious concessions could â€Å"pacify the Dutch states† where ignored by Phillip who persisted â€Å"they are all to embrace the Roman Catholic Faith and the exercise of that alone is to be permitted† . Phillip writing as early as 1562 explained â€Å"neither my welfare nor that of my states will allow me to neglect helping the Catholics† . Phillip II â€Å"an unquestionably loyal son of the Catholic Church† certainly makes Jonathan Lewis doubts of Phillip II religious piety appear doubtful. The religious unity which the Catholic Kings established had devastating effects for minorities living in Spain, a policy which Historians have widely criticised the Catholic Kings for by establishing the inquisition and increasing hostility to Jews, Conversos and Moors. Henry Kamen famously coined the phrase â€Å"society in conflict† to describe amongst the reigns of their successors greater social divisions as a result of the Catholic Kings religiously intolerant police

Reading and Writing Newspaper Articles ESL Lesson Plan

Reading and Writing Newspaper Articles ESL Lesson Plan Students often read newspapers for a wide variety of reasons, not least of which is to keep informed in English. As you know, newspaper writing style tends to have three levels: Headlines, leading phrases, and article content. Each of these has its own style. This lesson focuses on calling students attention to this type of writing style on a deeper, grammatical level. It ends with students writing up their own short articles with a follow-up listening comprehension opportunity. The Lesson Aim: Improved writing skills and understanding newspaper writing style Activity: Writing short newspaper articles Level: Intermediate to upper intermediate Outline: Use the provided example newspaper article, or take a newspaper into the class.Ask students to read the newspaper article and summarize the contents.Have students analyze the difference between the headline, leading sentence and article content in terms of tense usage and vocabulary in small groups (3 to 4 students).As a class, check that the differences between headline, leading sentence and article content are clear. Here is a short guideline to the main differences:Headline: Simple tenses, idiomatic, flashy vocabulary, no use of function wordsLeading sentence: Present perfect tense often used to give general overview.Article content: Proper tense usage, including a change from present perfect to past tenses to give detailed, specific information about what, where and when something happened.Once the differences have been understood, have students split up into pairs or small groups (3 to 4 students)Using the worksheet, small groups should write their own newspaper articles using t he headlines provided or come up with their own stories. Have students read their newspaper articles aloud allowing you to incorporate some listening comprehension into the lesson. FAKE VAN GOGH SELLS FOR $35 MILLION A fake painting supposedly by Vincent Van Gogh has been sold for $35 million in Paris. Paris June 9, 2004 Imagine this: Its the chance of a lifetime. You have the necessary cash and you have the opportunity to buy a Van Gogh. After purchasing the painting and placing it on your living room wall to show to all your friends, you discover that the painting is a forgery! Thats what happened to an anonymous telephone bidder who purchased Sunflowers in the Wind at the Peinture Company in Paris, France. The first (supposed) Van Gogh painting to have been auctioned since last years record sale of $40 million, the forgery was sold for $35 million. The painting had also been reported to be the last ever offered for sale, Britains Daily Times reported Thursday. Unfortunately, shortly after the masterpiece had been transferred to the buyers home, the Academy of Fine Arts released a statement saying that Sunflowers in the Wind was a fake. Upon further investigation, the report proved to be true. The unlucky buyer was forced to recognize that he or she had indeed purchased a forgery. Choose a Headline and Write Your Own Newspaper Article Newspaper Article 1 TRUCK CRASHES INTO LIVING ROOM Leading sentence: Provide your leading sentence. Article content: ​Write at least three short paragraphs about the incident. Newspaper Article 2 LOCAL COUNCIL: ACTION NOT PROMISES Leading sentence: Provide your leading sentence. Article content: Write at least three short paragraphs about the incident. Newspaper Article 3 LOCAL FOOTBALL PLAYER WINS BIG Leading sentence: Provide your leading sentence. Article content: Write at least three short paragraphs about the incident.

Exordium - Definition and Examples

Exordium s In classical rhetoric, the introductory part of an argument in which a speaker or writer establishes credibility (ethos) and announces the subject and purpose of the discourse. Plural: exordia. Etymology: From the Latin, beginning Observations and Examples: Ancient rhetoricians gave elaborate advice for exordia, since rhetors use this first part of a discourse to establish their ethos as intelligent, reliable, and trustworthy people. Indeed, Quintilian wrote that the sole purpose of the exordium is to prepare our audience in such a way that they will be disposed to lend a ready ear to the rest of our speech (IV i 5). However, in Book II of the Rhetoric, Aristotle contended that the main purpose of the introduction was to make clear what is the end (telos) of the discourse (1515a). Other functions of introductions, according to Aristotle, include making the audience well disposed toward the rhetor and the issue and grabbing their attention.(S. Crowley and D. Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, Pearson, 2004) Analysis of the Exordium of Dr. Kings I Have a Dream Speech The exordium [paragraphs 2-5] breaks down into two parts, both of which make a similar syllogistic argument while shifting its major premise. The syllogism takes the form of (a) America consists of a promise of freedom, (b) the Negro in America still is not free, therefore, (c) America has defaulted on its promise. The major premise of the first argument is that the Emancipation Proclamation constituted a promise of freedom for Afro-Americans. The major premise of the second argument is that the American Founding as expressed in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution constituted such a promise. In both cases, King argues, the promise has not be fulfilled.Kings exordium is essentially moderate. This is necessary because he must win the attention and trust of his audience before he can make his more militant plea. Having established his ethos, King is now ready for confrontation.(Nathan W. Schlueter, One Dream or Two? Lexington Books, 2002) Exordium of John Miltons Address to His Classmates (An Academic Exercise) The noblest masters of rhetoric have left behind them in various screeds a maxim which can hardly have escaped you, my academic friends, and which says that in every type of speechdemonstrative, deliberative, or judicialthe opening should be designed to win the goodwill of the audience. On those terms only can the minds of the auditors be made responsive and the cause that the speaker has at heart be won. If this be true (andnot to disguise the truthI know that it is a principle established by the vote of the entire learned world), how unlucky I am! What a plight I am in today! In the very first words of my speech, I am afraid that I am going to say something unbecoming to a speaker, and that I shall be obliged to neglect the first and most important duty of an orator. And in fact, what good will can I expect from you when in as great an assembly as this I recognize almost every face within eyeshot as unfriendly to me? I seem to have come to play an orators part before an utterly uns ympathetic audience.(John Milton, Whether Day or Night Is the More Excellent. Prolusions, 1674. Complete Poems and Major Prose, ed. by Merritt Y. Hughes. Prentice Hall, 1957) Cicero on the Exordium The exordium ought always to be accurate and judicious, replete with matter, appropriate in expression, and strictly adapted to the cause. For the commencement, constituting the introduction and recommendation of the subject, should tend immediately to mollify the hearer and conciliate his favor. . . .Every exordium ought either to have reference to the entire subject under consideration, or to form an introduction and support, or a graceful and ornamental approach to it, bearing, however, the same architectural proportion to the speech as the vestibule and avenue to the edifice and temple to which they lead. In trifling and unimportant causes, therefore, it is often better to commence with a simple statement without any preamble. . . .Let the exordium also be so connected with the succeeding parts of the discourse that it may not appear artificially attached, like the prelude of the musician, but a coherent member of the same body. It is the practice of some speakers, after having p ut forth a most elaborately finished exordium, to make such a transition to what follows, that they seem solely intent upon drawing attention to themselves.(Cicero, De Oratore, 55 BC) Pronunciation: egg-ZOR-dee-yum Also Known As: entrance, prooemium, prooimion

Great Depression Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Great Depression - Thesis Example It led to lower production of staple and cash crop food like wheat, which led to low income2. Misuse of land by farmers caused soil erosion by wind storms; plagues of grasshoppers invaded their wheat and caused massive losses. It caused migration of civilians in other parts of the country, which had not been hit hard (Atlantic and southern parts). Production industries and companies: they had to reduce production, especially farm inputs, this led to dropping off of employees hence rising unemployment, few people considered luxury items therefore affecting industries producing such appliances for example cars3. Other parts of Ontario and Quebec went through unemployment since mining and forest tourists had dropped. For British Columbia province, which majors in horticulture encountered an economic downfall due to low demand hence workers were laid off. The Newfoundland province had to ask for government help for the crisis (Wiegand, 254). Very few wealthy citizens benefited from the depression since they acquired property due to the low value and cheap prices and later sold it at higher rates. In addition, few big industries capitalized on the chance of depression since they didn’t have to pay wages as many workers were dismissed. Political instability: A lot of pressure from the economy and citizens, the whole country faced to politics to try to save the situation, they overthrew the past political parties and brought in liberals lawyer Richard Bennett hoping to bring a

Social Organization of Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Social Organization of Religion - Essay Example What does it mean to be religious nowadays? Why do we need to go to church, or in what other ways is it possible to confirm one’s aspiration to be a religious person? From the perspective of sociologists all answers to these questions can be found in the ordinary behavior of people in their daily lives. For example, it is ordinary for people to follow behaviors of others. Thus, they follow other people’s beliefs and religious is a favorable basis for unification of people. Moreover, it performs a pacifying function in the society; it instills hope in people’s hearts and exerts much more positive influence on individuals. Nevertheless, there are negative outcomes of religion, when people are involved in different sectarian developments or when they are ready to give all their money to churches for charity. Religion has exceeded its limits as of a spiritual basis for people’s development. It turned into a global machine, which requires people’s money for fake hopes and beliefs. A sociological root of religion is presented to people on TV or in the magazines, online or broadcast on radio. Still, no one knows where to find the truth and what is the real essence of the modern religion. Group spirit of religion can be interpreted from the perspective of humanity’s desire to be together with other people and follow a so-called spirit of herd. Sociological aspect of religion can clarify numerous aspects of this global phenomenon. For example, religion is often correlated with supernatural phenomena and people are often afraid of unknown. Thus, their belief in God is often considered to be a strong power, which helps them living their lives. Moreover, there is an evident blending of real phenomena and imaginative divinities. A real life of humans is compared with the lives in the Heaven or Hell. Social events and phenomena are correlated with religious practices and religious followers explicate their

On Arabian Culture Essay Example for Free

On Arabian Culture Essay The literature on social diversity and cleavages in Arab society and the Middle East as a whole suffers from several fallacies, two of which are most pertinent here. One is the tendency, particularly among Orientalists, to speak both of the mosaic nature of Arab society and of the existence of a unified mentality, or one Arab mind, without any awareness of the contradiction between these two abstractions. The other is the emphasis either on communal cleavages or on class conflicts, with the result that one becomes explanatory while the other is ignored. The interplay and coincidence of these two cleavages are rarely examined in their historical and social contexts. How can an individual define the diversity of Arab society? The diversity that characterizes Arab society needs to be analyzed within a three-dimensional framework: (a) a homogeneity-heterogeneity continuum; (b) the processes of conflict-accommodation-assimilation; and (c) social class cleavages. The continuum that covers the range from a completely homogeneous society to one of great heterogeneity encompasses a complex system of vertical loyalties and communal differentiations (ethnic, linguistic, sectarian, tribal, local, regional, and the like) that coincides as well as conflicts with social class cleavages. Arab society has historically been highly heterogeneous. Certainly, one may argue that there has recently been a resurgence of communal loyalties and mobilization, confirming the mosaic and segmentary structures of society. What cannot be granted is the static conception of these loyalties and cleavage as permanent, unchanging forms of differentiation. What is Arab society in general? The characterization of Arab society as heterogeneous, however, needs to be accompanied by an explicit clarification that not all Arab countries are similar in this respect. In fact, they differ widely in regard to their positions on the homogeneity-heterogeneity continuum. Compared to other Arab countries, Egypt and Tunisia, for instance, may be described as rather homogeneous as far as communal cleavages are concerned. These two countries tend to have fewer ethnic, religious, and tribal differences (and, hence, conflicts) than other Arab societies, and are characterized more by social complexity and social class cleavages. A second group of Arab countries, such as Lebanon and Sudan, occupy a position close to the opposite end of the continuum, each being more of a mosaic in structure and social composition. A third set, such as Syria, Algeria, Arabia, and Morocco, tend to occupy positions more in the middle of the continuum. Conventional Western literature on Arab and other Middle Eastern societies has persistently avoided any serious discussion of social class structure. Instead, it has conceived of Arab societies simply as a mosaic. At the margin of this mainstream discourse, however, there has been some occasional speculation on problems of social stratification. Whenever a discussion of this nature has taken place, it has evolved into a heated exchange. One point of view reaffirms the conclusions of the mosaic model and questions the relevance of class analysis. For instance, C. A. O. van Niewenhuijze and James Bill, in separate works, dismiss class analysis in economic terms and instead use Weberian concepts of status and power. Similarly, Iliya Harik has more recently dismissed the thesis put forward by some writers that the Lebanese civil war is actually a class struggle and expressed his â€Å"belief that class distinctions in Lebanon are too obscure to sustain the class struggle argument†. Bryan S. Turner, by contrast, has pointed out that anyone â€Å"who wants to develop a Marxist analysis of North Africa and the Middle East must start with a critique of the mosaic theory and all its related assumptions†. Such a critique, he explains, is required because mosaic analysts believe â€Å"that traditional Middle Eastern societies were not class dominated and that in the modern Middle East social class is only in the process of emerging alongside other forms of social stratification†. Nicholas S. Hopkins has applied ideas of class derived from the Marxist tradition to changes in the social structure of an agricultural town in Tunisia, concluding that essential changes in the mechanization of agriculture and in the improvement of communications â€Å"led to a shift in the organization of work away from a pattern based on mobilization of labor within the household or the extended kindred . . . and toward a pattern of labor determined by wage labor†. Consequently, this Tunisian agricultural town has shifted from a society in which rank was based â€Å"on vertical rather than on horizontal links† to one â€Å"based on class†. Hopkins argues further that not only is there class in the objective sense, â€Å"there is also class consciousness, at least in embryonic, symbolic form†. My own view is that the persistence of communal cleavages complicates rather than nullifies social class consciousness and struggle. This persistence of communal cleavages and vertical loyalties in some Arab countries is owing to the perpetuation of traditional systems in which communities are linked to their local zaims (traditional leaders) through patron-client relationships. To the extent that constructive change can be introduced in these areas, such traditional systems will give way, increasingly, to other social and class relationships. Reference: Gutas, D. (1998). Greek Thought, Arab Culture : The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society (2nd-4th 8th-10th C. ): Routledge. Rejwan, N. (1998). Arabs Face the Modern World: Religious, Cultural, and Political Responses to the West: Gainesville University Press of Florida. Szarmach, P. E. (1979). Aspects of Jewish Culture in the Middle Ages: Albany State University of New York Press

Symbols, Symbolism and Feminism in Ibsens Hedda Gabler Essay example -

Symbolism and Feminism in Hedda Gabler  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House painted the picture of a strong and independent woman standing up to an oppressive and dominating society; the lead character, Nora, abandons not only her husband, but her entire family, in an effort to discover herself and become a liberated woman.   The play is known for its universal appeal, and the strong blow it dealt to a male-dominated society, by showing not only that a woman could break free from the restraints which society placed upon her, but that men were actually quite powerless in the face of a strong woman; Nora's husband, Torvald, is left weeping as she leaves him at the close of the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The strong feminist themes which were the defining elements of A Doll's House are equally evident in the play Hedda Gabler, though the latter seems to be lacking the directness, clarity, and strength of the former, in regards to its feminist ideals.   Hedda and Thea, the two female leads, posses within them both admirable and detestable female traits, and only in combination with each other can the characters reveal the true feminist message of the play.   In order to assist the reader in understanding these concepts, and to illustrate the distinct differences between the two characters, Ibsen uses symbolism.   The symbolic nature of hair, Lovborg's manuscript, and General Gabler's pistols, often seem to strip Hedda of her feminine characteristics, and emphasize the femininity of Thea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the time in which this play was written, and as is very true in modern times, a mark of feminine beauty was long, abundant, flowing hair.   Even today, short hair is often considered to be a mark of a more liberated female, and it has been used to charact... ...ety." Thesis. Brigham Young U, 1990. Dyhouse, Carol. "Mothers and Daughters in the Middle-Class Home: c. 1870-1914." Labor and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family 1850-1940. Ed. Jane Lewis. New York: Blackwell, 1986. 27-45. Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale UP, 1979. Ibsen, Henrik.   Hedda Gabler.   New York:   Dover, 1990. Lewis, Jane. "Introduction: Reconstructing Women's Experience of Home and Family." Labor and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family 1850-1940. Ed. Jane Lewis. New York: Blackwell, 1986. 1-26. Lyons, Charles R. Hedda Gabler, Role and World. 1990. Twayne's Masterwork Studies 62. Boston: Twayne, 1991. Salomà ©, Lou. Ibsen's Heroines. Ed. and trans. Siegfried Mandel. Redding Ridge: Black Swan, 1985.   

Difference between Branding and Brand Equity Essay

â€Å"Though no one can go back and make a brand new start, anyone can start from now and make a brand new ending†. (Bard qtd. in. ThinkExist. com) This quote shows one fact that the process of ‘branding’ is endless. Because, simply, when ‘brand equity’ is known or measured, the brand could be protected and managed properly. This essay aims at giving an overview of the ‘branding’ and ‘brand equity’ terms or concepts to show the difference between both of them. And due to the fact that â€Å"both terms are usually defined around the concept of adding value to a product (or service)† (Binnie 17), it could be hard for some people to differentiate between both of them. That’s why the best approach to realize the difference between ‘branding’ and ‘brand equity’ is to dig and search in the literature to define both terms to know what is meant by each one of them. However, before separating each term from the other -to know the difference between both of them-, let’s move to the real world to have an idea about a simple fact concerning a certain brand (Coca-Cola in this case). This interesting example –mentioned by Blackett- deserves to be mentioned here to realize how important a brand could be for a company. â€Å"By mid-2002, Coca-Cola Company’s stock market value reached $136 billion, while the business net asset value (the book value) was only $10. 5 billion†. (5) The interesting fact here is when we add this information to the fact that: â€Å"The value of Coca-Cola brand for the same period (mid-2002) was estimated by $70 billion (over half of the $136 intangible value mentioned above! . † (Blackett 5) Then, after realizing the importance of ‘branding’ to the company in the marketplace -in the previous example-, it’s time to know what is meant by both terms, ‘branding’ and ‘brand equity’. First of all, a ‘brand’ is defined by the Dictionary of Business and Management as â€Å"a name, sign or symbol used to identify items or services of the seller(s) and to differ entiate them from goods of competitors. † (qtd. in. BuildingBrands Ltd. ) However, a ‘brand’ is more than a name, a sign or a symbol. In another word, this definition is not sufficient to describe the term ‘brand’. Grimaldi gave a better definition for the term ‘brand’ as â€Å"a combination of attributes, communicated through a name, or a symbol, that influences a thought-process in the mind of an audience and creates value. † And this is what Blackett assured when he mentioned that â€Å"the visual distinctiveness of a brand may be a combination of any of the following: name, letters, numbers, a symbol, a signature, a shape, a slogan, a color, a particular typeface. (3) Also, Davis (2) defined the ‘brand’ term as â€Å"all the promises and perceptions that an organization ‘wants’ its customers to feel about its product(s) and service offerings. † (2) Now, moving to the ‘branding’ concept or term, according to Davis (1), ‘branding’ is a complex ‘process’, but its goal is simple: it is the creation and development of a specific identity for a company, product, commodity, group, or person. † (3) Grimaldi mentioned an interesting definition for ‘branding’: The blend of art and science that ‘manages associations’ between a brand and memories in the mind of the brand’s audience. † And this blend â€Å"involves focusing resources on selected tangible and intangible attributes to differentiate the brand in an attractive, meaningful and compelling way for the targeted audience. † Now, after understanding what is meant by both ‘bra nd’ and ‘branding’ terms, it’s time to know what is meant by ‘brand equity’ term or concept. The ‘brand equity’ concept â€Å"emerged in the early 1990s†, (Tuominen 96) and introduced in marketing literature in the 1980s† (Rajh 1) and before mentioning definitions of this term, it is necessary to realize that â€Å"brand equity is the key to understanding the net impact of marketing† (Reynolds and Philips qtd. in. Binnie 16) According to Hoeffler and Keller, â€Å"most definitions of brand equity rely on ‘brand knowledge’ structures in the minds of consumers –individuals or organizations-† (421 qtd. in. Binnie 17). And Pullig gave a simple definition to the term ‘brand equity’ as â€Å"consumer brand knowledge†. Keller also defined the ‘brand equity’ term as â€Å"the ‘differential consumer response’ from ‘knowing’ the brand†. (qtd. in. Binnie 17) According to Keller and Kevin, ‘brand equity’ is â€Å"the value of the brand in the marketplace† (qtd. in. Pullig). McDonald added another dimension when she defined it as â€Å"the stored value built up in a brand which can be used to gain ‘market advantage’† (2). So, after studying these definitions, it is obvious -as Tuominen mentioned- that â€Å"there are three key ingredients in the ‘brand equity’ definition and they are: (1) brand knowledge, (2) differential effect, and (3) consumer response to marketing. † (75) Finally, according to these definitions, it is obvious that (1) ‘branding’ is the process of creating, developing, protecting, and managing the special identity of the product, or the ‘brand’ (to differentiate it in the marketplace) and it is not only marketing effort, it includes all the companies efforts to build this differentiation; (2) the ‘brand’ is the end result of that process or the combination of all the tools used to create this special identity of the product; and (3) the ‘brand equity’ is the ‘feedback’ of the ‘branding’ process or the key to measure, assess, or weigh the end result ‘brand’ –as we saw previously in the Coca-Cola example- and compare it with what is desired or planned in the ‘branding’ process. In another word, ‘brand equity’ will show whether the ‘branding’ process and other marketing efforts (or even public relations) are on the right track or not.

Boys and Girls Essay

Teachers are in a unique position to cultivate children’s cross gender interactions and friendships. By intentionally planning and supporting certain experiences, educators can encourage children to build a social world characterized by meaningful relationships with peers of both sexes. To purposely increase engagement and interactions between boys and girls, teachers must tune in to the social patterns in the classroom. Systematic observations are useful, such as scanning the room and playground periodically and jotting down which children are playing together and where. Teachers can create opportunities that can bring boys and girls together to communicate, cooperate, play, and learn with one another. It is Important to address these occurrences. Gender exclusion is just as hurtful and unfair as exclusions based on any other characteristics, leaving the child to feel rejected and potentially perpetuating gender stereotyping. Never use race or religion to label a child in any manner. Making sure that every child feels accepted and welcome by supporting a positive classroom environment. In an inclusive classroom children and teachers celebrate diversity and discover similarities and common interests. When taking action to help children focus on these common interests, teachers create opportunities for boys and girls to share positive experiences with one another. When boys and girls work and play together in positive ways, they discover common ground and practice negotiation, cooperation, and communication skills with one another. All of these experiences give the children the opportunity to learn and develop attitudes of respect and acceptance, and to broaden their social competence. With planning and attention to the classroom environment, activities, and routine practices, and with support for the children in their interactions and relationships, teachers can create and foster opportunities for peer experiences between boys and girls. This article is talking about chapter 7-8 in the textbook. It talks about ocial competence and fostering creativity in play between boys and girls. The social skill is to facilitate interaction and communicate with others. Most children tend to group people and things into simple categories in order to make sense of their world. The concepts I have chosen are communicate, interact, and encourage. These are the 3 concepts can help me have a positive and fun environment for the child in my classroom. It will be a positive outcome on how the children learn the difference between genders and acceptance without exaggeration.

Determining Databases and Data Communications Essays - Steve Jobs

Determining Databases and Data Communications Essays - Steve Jobs Determining Databases and Data Communications April Page BIS 320 August 3, 2015 Determining Databases and Data Communications Scenario One Marketing assistant of Apple, April Page has been asked to take charge of setting up a booth at the local trade show being held in Charlottesville, Virginia. Organization is one of her strengths along with strategic planning through the use of Microsoft Access. Being she is the only one that needs this data the personal access database is all that is required. If there is anyone requesting information regarding a specific shipment or a piece of equipment can contact her to obtain a report. Referencing data in a remote table can be linked in multiple places. The table designs also impose structure that lends itself to data types, validation and consistency for higher quality than what normally exists in spreadsheets.(Chung, 2015) She will be creating a table that list all equipment being displayed at the component booth the day of the trade show, along with transportation specialist and tracking shipments. She will also be recording the condition each piece of equipment is in before p ackaging up for shipment to the show. The same scenario will be repeated before packing up the booth to be shipped back to the home office. She has several personnel scheduled to attend and help her manage the booth at the trade show. The equipment being packaged such as: Macs, IPads, iPhones, and Watches, will be placed in to categories. Per each category she has set up a set of questions that will be answered and documented before the packages are picked up for shipment. These questions consist of: (a)How many of each items are being shipped from the office to the event? (Macs 3, IPads 3, iPhones 4 and Watches 6) (b)How many of each item are being shipped from the event back the office? (Macs 3, IPads 3, iPhones 4 and Watches 6) (c)Condition of each item at time of packaging? (i)From the office to the show (ii)From the show to the office (d)How the item is being packaged/secured for shipment? (i)From office to the show (ii)From the show to the office Shipper: Logistic Company chosen (a)FedEx (i)Shipments estimated time for pickup from the office to the event: (5 am on August 1, 205) (ii)Shipments estimated arrival time to the event: (6:30 am August 1, 2015) (iii)Shipments estimated time for pickup from the event back to the office: (7 pm August 1, 2015) (iv)Shipments estimated arrival time to the office: (8:30 pm August 1, 2015) 1.Reported damage claims 2.On time delivery statistics Questions that require just numbers entered she chose to use text box choice. Drop down box options for those questions that require more description such as condition of an item at the time of packaging. Choices would be: Fair, Poor, Good, and Excellent. Two relationships that can be tracked are shippers to reported damage claims and shippers to on time delivery statistics. Excel could be used in this sense but she finds there are more disadvantages to excel then advantages. The advantage of Excel makes it easy to store data, perform numerical calculations, format cells, and adjust layouts to generate the output and reports to share with others. Advanced features such as subtotals, power pivot tables and pivot charts, analysis toolkit, and many templates make it easy to accomplish a wide range of tasks. It can even integrate with the Analytic Services (Business Intelligence) from SQL Server. Tweaking the results is also very easy to get the exact layout, fonts, colors, etc.(Chung, 2015) Disadvantages is it also does not provide the reports that Access does either. It is not a great tool to use when collecting data over a long period of time and needing to produce statistical reports. A decision support system would not be helpful for this type of planning because no graphical information is required. This is a simple event that only requires simple data usage and results. Thanks to the excellent staff she had working with her at the event all the items were unpacked and found to be in excellent condition. During the event all staff handled all items with care while making demo presentations to the customers that visited their booth all throughout the day. At the end of the day when it was time to pack up

Perl Array chop() and chomp() Function - Quick Tutorial

Perl Array chop() and chomp() Function - Quick Tutorial chop(ARRAY); chomp(ARRAY); Perls chop and chomp functions can often be a source of confusion. Not only do they sound similar, they do similar things. Unfortunately, there is a critical difference- ​chop removes the last character of the string completely, while chomp only removes the last character if it is a newline. $myName Jacob\n; chomp($myName); Chomping $myName cuts off the last newline, leaving just Jacob. Once its been chomped, further chomping wont do anything at all. Chopping the name, however, will result in the last character being removed, leaving Jaco: $myName Jacob; chop($myName); Chomping and chopping an array results each element being acted on, and can be a real time saver. chop(ARRAY); chomp(ARRAY); So remember - Chop chops off the last character without question or regret. Chomp only removed the newline, leaving the string itself intact. Chomp does not remove all whitespace characters by default. In fact, by default, chomp only removes what is currently defined as the $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR. If your goal is to trim all whitespace from the end of your string, try using a regex like this one submitted by a reader: $line ~ s/\s*$//g;

An exploratory, descriptive study to assess the effectiveness of Error Dissertation

An exploratory, descriptive study to assess the effectiveness of Error reporting on Nursing Errors in Operating Rooms - Dissertation Example The following are a few of these considerations: 1. Nurses’ scope of practice, and adverse outcome of patients There has been considerable attention devoted to nurses’ errors in the operating room; the significance of reporting mechanisms has been underscored as an important instrument in developing error prevention measures in operating room procedures, and health care in general. Espin (2007) examined the implications of such errors as encountered in individual practice. Empirical studies have established that nurses’ preferences in reporting errors were generally confined to the perceived scope of their practice; where reports went beyond these boundaries, the reports were rationalized in the context of the patient’s unfavourable outcome. Through survey and qualitative analysis, it was determined that nurses’ perceived scope of practice was a major factor in their reporting preferences, and the seriousness of the outcome to the patient was only s econdary. The findings support the observation that nurses tend to be selective in their reporting; these have negative implications, according to Espin, as many errors will likely remain unreported where they do no fall within the nurses’ scope of practice, or where the negative repercussion to the patient is not perceived as compelling. 2. Nature of the error reduced by error reporting Partly due to the normal course of modernization in health care and partly due to the need to meet global standards, similar efforts to improve nurses’ error reporting have been pursued in different countries. In Korea, a study sought to develop and evaluate an error reporting promoting program (ERPP) with the aim of reducing the incidence rate of nursing errors in operating rooms (Kim, et al., 2007). This quasi-experimental study registered a drop in incidence rates from 28.4% to 15.7% for the experimental group upon whom ERPP was administered, representing a significant decrease in t he areas of â€Å"compliance of aseptic technique†, â€Å"management of document†, and â€Å"environmental management,† but has little effect in â€Å"habit-related†, â€Å"knowledge-based† and â€Å"multidimensional† nursing activities. The ERPP was thus adjudged effective in reducing incidences of certain types of nursing errors in the operating room. 3. Organizational and management factors A serious inquiry into aspects of errors committed by health professionals must necessarily seek the underlying human factors that give rise to errors, and that compromise the reporting thereof. It is premised on the principle that humans are so intrinsically predisposed to error that it is inherently biologic (D’Addessi, Bonglovanni, Volpe, Pinto and Bassi, 2009). However, surgery stands apart in that surgical error is commonly presumed to be caused by the lack of skill or ability, and the result of negligent actions. After all, in many instanc es, technical operative errors, whether committed by nurses or other OR personnel present, tend to cause surgical morbidity and affect adversely the patient’s outcome (Cuschieri, 2005). Additionally, however, the operating theatre is comprised of a unique and complex set of team dynamics –

Enterprise business continuity and disaster recovery plan Essay

Enterprise business continuity and disaster recovery plan - Essay Example Disasters which shut down the mission of the company crucial applications for any given period of time have bad indirect and direct costs to the company and its performance make Mematech come up with a disaster recovery and business continuity plan essentials. The company’s Chief Information Offer will have an obligation in ensuring that the company’s continuing in that position of emergency. It is therefore, appropriate that the company comes up with steps to prepare before, during, and after the crisis takes place. These planning offers framework of interim mechanism to recover the services of IT after the system has been disrupted. Some of the interim measures that the company will take include; IT system and operations relocation, to an alternative site, and the recovery of functions connected to IT using alternative machines and equipment, executive agreement with entities that are outsourced. This is because Mematech have vulnerable system to various disruptions that range from the minor outages to severe disruptions that involve destruction of equipments from various sources like natural disasters or even terrorist actions. While various vulnerable may be reduces or removed through operational solutions, management solutions, and technical solutions as part of the company’s risk management effort. It is quite impossible to eliminate the risks completely. In various scenarios, crucial resources may dwell outside the company’s control like electric power or even telecommunicat ion). (Fong, 2001). The company might be unable to ensure that it is available. Therefore, effective and efficient recovery testing, planning, and execution are important to mitigate the system risks and unavailability of services. Accordingly, for the disaster recovery to be successful the Information officer of Mematech will ensure that the critical employee must comprehends the information technology disaster recovery and business continuity planning

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) - Term Paper Example This may cause paralysis at the later stages of the disease. If a muscle is affected by death of its motor neurons, this means that it does not get nourishment. Therefore, the muscle wastes away (atrophy) leading to hardening of the muscle (sclerosis). The main characteristic of this disorder is the destruction and death of the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord in which before their destruction they develop inclusions in their structures-the axon and cell bodies that are rich in protein. The proteins are believed to be as a result of a problem in the degeneration of protein and these inclusions have a substance called ubiquitin and this combines with one of the proteins associated with ALS for example TAR DNA binding protein. (Murray, 2006) As the motor neurons get destroyed in the lateral and anterior parts of the spinal cord, the neurons are replaced by astrocytes that cause sclerosis. The degeneration of the upper motor neurons that is located in the cortex of the brain results in paralysis, increased reflexes and stiffness of the affected muscles. The degeneration of the motor neurons that is located in the in stem and the horn-like part at the anterior of the spinal cord results in flaccid paralysis, weakness of muscles and atrophy of the muscles, decreased reflexes and decrease in the muscle tone. The initial symptoms of this disorder are generally, muscle weakness affecting mostly those of the arms and legs, cramping, difficulty in swallowing, problems in speech and breathing and stiffness of the muscle that has been affected. (Murray, 2006) When the clinical manifestation is first noticed in the arms and legs, it is referred to as limb-onset ALS whereas if the symptoms affect the speech first it is called bulbar-onset ALS. The bulbar symptoms include difficulty in speech, difficulty in swallowing, drooling, atrophy and fasciculation of the tongue. When the upper motor neurons are affected, the disorder is

The Outline For Urie Bronfenbrenners

The Outline For Urie Bronfenbrenners Urie Bronfenbrenner theory is based on ecological theory, which is focusing on environmental factors (Santrock, 2011). The Urie Bronfenbrenners ecological theory is explained how natural environments can be a big influence to the development of persons. In other words, the development of persons can be affected by the surroundings from home to the wider context such as culture. Bronfenbrenner stated that there were many different levels and types of environment effects that might affect how a child grows and develops (Shaffer Kipp, 2010). There are the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem. The microsystem refers to the interactions between a person and the people surroundings him or closes to him. To put in differently, it is the small and immediate environment where the person lives in for instance a persons family, school, peers, neighborhood play area and work. The second of Bronfenbrenners environmental layers is the mesosystem. The mesosystem is defined as the relationship or connection between different parts of the microsystem like the relationships between family and teachers, family and peers, and teachers and religious group. Next is the exosystem. The exosytem level has the less interaction or may not have it all between the children or adolescents and the other people or places but they may affect the development of the person herself, for instance parents work environments, extended family members and neighborhood. Last but not least is the macrosystem. Bronfenbrenner defines that the macrosystem consists of cultural, subcultural, or social class context ( Shaffer Kipp, 2010). It is wide, and the largest level in this theory but still it has a great influence to the person. The macrosystem includes the economy, government, wars, the relative freedoms and cultural values. Therefore, the persons can get the positive and negative impact from this level. Finally is the chronosystem. The chronosystem is about how the pattern of individuals life is changing over time depending on the environmental events. Besides, the environmental changes caused by cognitive and biological changing that occur at the puberty as well as the age of the individual. How the Bronfenbrenners ecological theory apply to child development Family, teachers and community members play important role in raising children with applying values and customs to socialize them so they can contribute something to the society. From the views of Barbour, Barbour and Scully (2011), children develop some attitudes by observing actions, hearing words and surmising the feelings of significant others in their environment. At this point, family, peers and religious group are located in the Bronfenbrenners innermost environmental layer, or microsystem. It means people in the microsystem are the major influence of the child especially at the early age. Childrens perceptions and behaviors can be developed early from home and the direct interactions take place in the microsystem like the interaction between a child and parents, siblings, teachers and peer group. Besides, the good environment and better encouragement to the child will affect how better the child will grow up (Oswalt, 2008). According to Oswalt (2008), Each childs special genetic and biologically influenced personality traits, what is known as temperament, end up affecting how others treat them. Another case is how some parts in microsystem having the connections or interrelationships among them like parents, teachers and peers. For example, a childs parents have a good relationship with teachers will have a major influence on childrens learning and acceptance of school. Also parents and teachers support the childrens interest and the competition that they participate. As a result, it will help the childs overall growth. The child might feel confident about her talent and ability consequently will affect her performance in study and have good relationship with other people. This kind of interaction between different parts of the microsystem is called the mesosystem. . According to the Shaffer and Kipp (2010), Bronfenbrenner argues that development of a child will be effective if the connections between microsystems are strong and supportive. Conversely, if the connections are non-supportive, it can produce trouble on child. For the third environmental layer or exosystem, this may not have contact with the child but might affect the development of the child. As an illustration, parents work environment. If both parents have their own careers, it might cause the conflict between the caring for children and the responsibility at the workplace. The conflict is largely happened to the mother because beside responsibility for children, they also have full participation at the workplace. Therefore, this will give the impact to the children and the time for family interaction will decrease, increased dependence on child care and fewer choices in recreation. As a result the family will have less information about the childrens activities and the children only depending on her friends who can be good or bad friends. Oswalt (2008) states that the child at home can possibly be affected by a parents experience at work. Then, another environment is about the larger context called the macrosystem. For example, the family role in culture, how children should be treated, what they should be taught and the goals they should achieve. The styles of interaction within family will reflect the roles expected of children (Barbour, Barbour Scully, 2011). For instance, in most European American families encourage their children to go outside and find and establish other relationship. While in Asian families cultures, they pay respect for elders and the children are expected to be family oriented and encouraged to work hard for the family. To sum up, very family has different styles in raising their children and from that it will influence their behavior. Lastly is the chronosystem. The chronosystem is about how the feeling, perceptions and attitudes of child can be changed over time. This model includes a temporal dimension (Shaffer Kipp, 2010). It is focusing on the ecological context of development or the transformation of the child can influence the way that development is likely to take (Shaffer Kipp, 2010). For instance, when the child is found out he is an adopted child, he will feel rejected and abandoned. He will have low self -esteem and struggle with identity development issues. This event may affect the child for a few years, but after he has grown up, the curiosity, sensitivity and the rebellious are becoming less and the interaction with family will be more stable. After all, the environmental factors like age, cognitive and biological changing play a major role in human development. How the Bronfenbrenners ecological theory apply children in preschool and early primary levels Normally children are only exposed to the family at home until they are placed in day care, preschool classes and begin their formal schooling. When they grow up, there are more exposures from many sources to them. In the microsystem, family is one of the factors that affect children in development. Furthermore, family plays important role to the physical development of children in aspect of education and family income. Family who has good education and good income usually has awareness with their diet. Therefore, parents will model healthy eating habits for their children, who are also dependent what food is put in the table. When the child gets enough nutrition in his diet, he will develop well. Besides that, environmental factors like family and peers also affect the social development of child. For example, when a child is shy, aside from inherited characteristic from a parent, it also can be caused from interaction between parents and child. Sometimes, parents are having less in teraction with the child and the parents dont even speak to each other. It will affect the social development of child, however, the difficulty to have appropriate sociality with peers will decrease after he enters the school. It can be concluded that, parents can influence the social actions of child but it will change after being exposed to the peers, hence surely can be influential factor to the development of child. The interaction between people in the microsystem is essential for the development of child in the aspect of emotional development. For instance, family-teacher relationship that many people overlooked the importance of this relationship especially the teachers that only focus on to their relationship with children only. Children in the school always feel insecure, difficult to accept criticism, or punishment and unadaptable. Therefore, parents and teacher should work together for childs growth and development. Teacher can know the family background of the child and their culture. Furthermore, it is really important for teacher to maintain the childrens culture since cultural identity and family connectedness are critical emotional health. In addition, both teacher and parents can discuss the childrens problem in school and together helping to solve the problems that may have lifelong consequences. Also, when their relationship is good, they can inform one another and the information might be useful and has lifelong effects on the child. Invite families to the social events in school and hold a parent-teacher conferences are some of the ways to build the partnership. On the whole, this relationship can provide support to children and build childrens emotional health. Next we proceed to the level where children do not make any contact with these people and places but still have an effect on them. This level is the exosystem. Parents workplaces and mass media can be a largely affected to the children in term of emotional problems and cognitive development. Parents nowadays usually spend their time at work more than at home with their children. It will result in having less time to spend with children. They dont have time to know their childrens activities, they cant control their children and they dont have time to help their children in developing important skills. Stress at work also influences the children because they might release their stress by resting and sleeping at home and lead to have less interaction with children. So then, the emotional problem will be faced by children because dont have bond with parents. Studies have shown children who are given plenty of attention and love usually less have emotional problems than those who do. Bes ides that, mass media also influences the development of children. Children can develop and acquire the cognitive development from the good television shows. For example Blues Clues, Dora the Explorer, Go Diego Go!, and The Smurfs. Moreover, another electronic media source is internet that also contributes the cognitive development of children. It provides children to solve problems, practice skills and creativity, and widen their knowledge base (Barbour, Barbour Scully, 2011). For instance, practice chess, puzzle word and creative writing. But, as long as parents monitor their children from accessing inappropriate websites, internet can be a rich resource for childrens lives. The next layer of Bronfenbrenners ecological theory is the macrosystem. Government plays a big role to the development of children. What government can do is enacting the law for protecting the children hence to ensure the well-being of development of children. The examples of the law are Education Act 1996 [Act 550] and The Compulsory Education Act. Both are related to the compulsory for parents to make sure their children attend preschool and primary school. Preschool Education is for all children to improve their necessary skills at the early age and the programmes are provided by Government in rural and urban area. The purposes are to develop basic communication skills, and characters, moral values, doing physical activities for good health and improve critical thinking skills through senses. Besides, the Education system in preschool emphasizes on nine elements for children development like Malay language, English language, Islamic education, moral studies, civics education and childrens physical development. From the policies, personal development and the socialization process can be acquired by children and can affect children positively. Summary Children acquire many things from surroundings for their development and they depend on how good and bad of their environmental are. Adult people should know their roles as parents, teachers and societies to the development of children. Although they affect the childrens growth and development in some ways, their behaviors and viewpoints also affect their perceptions and attitudes. However, adult also can be influenced by children. The family is the major influence in the systems because they are the most trusted by children. So it is essential for family to stress on the development of children in the elements of physical, cognitive, emotional and social development. The place also like home, is supposed to be the suitable place for children to develop with more tools provided and more interaction with children. Even though some environment is out of familys control, but they can do their best to develop their children necessaries skills for their lifelong consequences.